The USGS provide DLG files which include a hydrography layer. This
layer contains vector data for streams, and polygonal data for wide rivers,
lakes and ocean. There is implicit topology in the DLG format (lines meet
at nodes) but the topology is purely graphical, it does not indicate
anything about the water. There are no attributes for stream width, water
depth or anything else that would be useful for a visual representation.
Rest of the world
There is unfortunately no standard for representing hydrology in
conventional GIS frameworks. Each project or data collection seems to make
up its own format or attributes.
USGS SWBD
(Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Water Body Dataset)